目 錄
第1 章 數控技術概述 ···································································································.1
1.1 機床數控技術的基本概念 ·······················································································.2
1.2 數控機床的組成及工作原理 ····················································································.2
1.2.1 數控機床的組成 ·························································································.2
1.2.2 數控機床的工作原理 ···················································································.5
1.3 數控機床的分類 ···································································································.7
1.3.1 按工藝用途分類 ·························································································.7
1.3.2 按運動軌跡分類 ·······················································································.10
1.3.3 按伺服控制分類 ························································································.11
1.3.4 按功能水平分類 ·······················································································.13
1.3.5 按聯動軸數分類 ·······················································································.14
1.4 數控機床的特點及應用范圍 ··················································································.17
1.4.1 數控機床的特點 ·······················································································.17
1.4.2 數控機床的應用范圍 ·················································································.18
1.5 數控機床的發(fā)展概況與發(fā)展趨勢 ············································································.18
1.5.1 數控機床的發(fā)展概況 ·················································································.18
1.5.2 數控機床的發(fā)展趨勢 ·················································································.20
思考與練習 ··············································································································.28
第2 章 計算機數控系統 ·····························································································.29
2.1 概述 ················································································································.30
2.1.1 CNC 系統的組成 ······················································································.30
2.1.2 CNC 系統的功能 ······················································································.30
2.1.3 CNC 系統的一般工作過程 ··········································································.33
2.2 CNC 系統的硬件結構 ··························································································.35
2.2.1 單CPU 結構CNC 系統 ··············································································.35
2.2.2 多CPU 結構CNC 系統 ··············································································.37
2.3 CNC 系統的軟件結構 ··························································································.38
2.3.1 CNC 系統的軟/硬件功能界面 ······································································.38
2.3.2 CNC 系統的軟件結構特點 ··········································································.39
2.3.3 CNC 系統的軟件結構模式 ··········································································.42
2.4 可編程控制器 ····································································································.43
2.4.1 概述 ······································································································.43
2.4.2 PLC 在數控機床上的應用 ···········································································.48
2.5 插 補 ··········································································································.56
2.5.1 插補的定義 ·····························································································.56
2.5.2 對插補器的基本要求 ·················································································.56
2.5.3 插補方法的分類 ·······················································································.57
2.5.4 主要的插補方法 ·······················································································.58
2.6 刀具半徑補償 ····································································································.80
2.6.1 刀具半徑補償的基本概念 ···········································································.80
2.6.2 刀具半徑補償的基本原理 ···········································································.81
2.6.3 B 功能刀具半徑補償 ·················································································.81
2.6.4 C 功能刀具半徑補償 ·················································································.81
思考與練習 ··············································································································.84
第3 章 數控機床的伺服系統 ······················································································.85
3.1 概述 ················································································································.85
3.1.1 伺服系統的相關概念 ·················································································.85
3.1.2 數控機床對伺服系統的要求 ········································································.86
3.1.3 伺服系統的分類 ·······················································································.88
3.2 主軸驅動系統 ····································································································.91
3.2.1 基本要求 ································································································.91
3.2.2 工作原理 ································································································.92
3.2.3 主軸分段無級變速 ····················································································.94
3.2.4 主軸準停 ································································································.96
3.3 步進電動機 ······································································································.100
3.3.1 步進電動機組成、工作原理、工作方式、特點和類型 ······································.100
3.3.2 步進電動機的主要性能指標及其選擇原則 ·····················································.104
3.3.3 步進電動機的控制電路 ·············································································.106
3.4 直流伺服電動機 ································································································.108
3.4.1 直流伺服電動機的工作原理、類型、特點及工作特性 ······································.108
3.4.2 直流伺服電動機的速度控制方法 ·································································.113
3.5 交流伺服電動機 ································································································.117
3.5.1 交流伺服電動機的分類及特點 ····································································.118
3.5.2 交流伺服電動機的結構及工作原理 ······························································.118
3.5.3 交流伺服電動機的主要特性參數 ·································································.121
3.5.4 交流同步伺服電動機的調速方法 ·································································.121
3.6 直線電動機傳動 ································································································.121
3.6.1 直線電動機的工作原理 ·············································································.122
3.6.2 直線電動機的結構形式 ·············································································.122
3.6.3 直線電動機驅動系統的特點 ·······································································.123
3.7 位置檢測裝置 ···································································································.123
3.7.1 概述 ·····································································································.123
3.7.2 常用的位置檢測裝置 ················································································.125
思考與練習 ·············································································································.137
第4 章 數控加工工藝基礎 ·························································································.139
4.1 數控加工工藝概述 ·····························································································.139
4.1.1 數控加工工藝的特點 ················································································.139
4.1.2 數控加工工藝的內容 ················································································.140
4.2 數控加工內容的確定 ··························································································.141
4.2.1 適用數控加工的內容 ················································································.141
4.2.2 不適用數控加工的內容 ·············································································.141
4.3 數控加工零件的工藝性分析 ·················································································.141
4.3.1 數控加工零件的圖樣分析 ··········································································.142
4.3.2 數控加工零件的結構工藝性分析 ·································································.143
4.4 數控加工工藝路線的設計 ····················································································.145
4.4.1 加工方法與加工方案的確定 ·······································································.146
4.4.2 工序的劃分 ····························································································.150
4.4.3 工步的劃分 ····························································································.152
4.4.4 加工順序的安排 ······················································································.153
4.4.5 數控加工工序與普通工序的銜接 ·································································.154
4.5 數控加工工序的設計 ··························································································.154
4.5.1 走刀路線的確定 ······················································································.154
4.5.2 零件的定位與安裝 ···················································································.164
4.5.3 數控加工刀具與工具系統 ··········································································.169
4.5.4 對刀點、刀位點與換刀點的確定 ·································································.181
4.5.5 切削用量的確定 ······················································································.184
4.6 數控加工工藝文件的編制 ····················································································.189
4.6.1 工藝卡 ··································································································.189
4.6.2 工序卡 ··································································································.189
4.6.3 刀具卡 ··································································································.190
4.6.4 走刀路線圖 ····························································································.190
4.6.5 程序單 ··································································································.191
4.7 典型零件的數控加工工藝性分析 ···········································································.192
4.7.1 軸類零件的數控車削加工工藝性分析 ···························································.192
4.7.2 蓋板零件數控銑削加工工藝性分析 ······························································.194
思考與練習 ·············································································································.199
第5 章 數控加工程序的編制 ·····················································································.202
5.1 概述 ···············································································································.202
5.2 數控編程基礎 ···································································································.204
5.2.1 數控編程的方法 ······················································································.204
5.2.2 數控機床坐標系 ······················································································.205
5.2.3 加工程序結構與格式 ················································································.208
5.2.4 程序編制中的數值計算 ·············································································.209
5.3 數控銑削加工程序的編制 ····················································································.210
5.3.1 數控銑床和加工中心的編程特點 ·································································.210
5.3.2 數控銑床及加工中心坐標系的確定 ······························································.211
5.3.3 數控銑床和加工中心常用代碼 ····································································.212
5.3.4 刀具補償功能 ·························································································.223
5.3.5 子程序編程 ····························································································.227
5.3.6 孔加工固定循環(huán)指令代碼 ··········································································.230
5.3.7 數控銑床及加工中心編程實例 ····································································.238
5.4 數控車削加工程序的編制 ····················································································.245
5.4.1 編程特點 ·······························································································.245
5.4.2 坐標系的確定 ·························································································.246
5.4.3 數控車床常用的功能指令代碼 ····································································.248
5.4.4 車削固定循環(huán)指令代碼 ·············································································.255
5.4.5 螺紋加工指令代碼 ···················································································.266
5.4.6 刀具補償功能 ·························································································.275
5.4.7 子程序 ··································································································.281
5.4.8 數控車削加工編程實例 ·············································································.284
思考與練習 ·············································································································.287
第6 章 數控機床的機械結構 ·····················································································.290
6.1 概述 ···············································································································.290
6.1.1 數控機床機械結構的組成 ··········································································.290
6.1.2 數控機床機械結構的主要特點 ····································································.292
6.1.3 數控機床對機械結構的要求 ·······································································.293
6.2 數控機床整體布局 ·····························································································.295
6.2.1 數控車床的布局 ······················································································.295
6.2.2 數控銑床的布局 ······················································································.297
6.2.3 加工中心的布局 ······················································································.298
6.3 數控機床的主傳動系統 ·······················································································.301
6.3.1 數控機床對主傳動系統的要求 ····································································.301
6.3.2 主傳動系統的傳動方式 ·············································································.302
6.3.3 主軸部件 ·······························································································.306
6.3.4 主軸潤滑與密封 ······················································································.316
6.4 數控機床的進給系統 ··························································································.318
6.4.1 對數控機床進給系統的要求 ·······································································.319
6.4.2 數控機床進給系統的形式 ··········································································.320
6.4.3 滾珠絲杠副 ····························································································.320
6.4.4 齒輪傳動副間隙的調整 ·············································································.327
6.5 數控機床的導軌 ································································································.329
6.5.1 數控機床對導軌的要求 ·············································································.330
6.5.2 數控機床導軌形狀和組合形式 ····································································.330
6.5.3 數控機床常用的導軌 ················································································.332
6.5.4 導軌的潤滑與防護 ···················································································.336
6.6 數控機床的自動換刀裝置 ····················································································.338
6.6.1 數控車床的自動換刀裝置 ··········································································.338
6.6.2 加工中心自動換刀裝置 ·············································································.341
6.7 數控機床的回轉工作臺 ·······················································································.350
6.7.1 分度工作臺 ····························································································.350
6.7.2 數控回轉工作臺 ······················································································.353
思考與練習 ·············································································································.355
參考文獻 ·····················································································································.357