Chapter 1 Introduction 001

1.1Statement of the Problem 008

1.2Purpose of the Study 008

1.3Significance of the Study 009

1.4Research Questions 010

1. ssumptions 011

1.6Definition of Terms 011

1.7Delimitations 012

1.8Limitations 013

Chapter 2 Review of the Literature 015

2.1Global Education Initiatives 017

2.2Implementation of Global Education 024

2.3People with Global Perspectives 038

2.4Curriculum and Instruction 061

2.5Language Education 089

Chapter 3 Methodology 119

3.1Research Questions 121

The Assessment and Development of Global-Mindedness and Intercultural Competence

3.2Hypotheses 122

3.3Population of the Research Study and the Sample 123

3.4Protection of the Subjects 123

3.5Research Instruments 124

3.6Participant Demographics 126

3.7Data Collection and Analysis Methods 126

Chapter 4 Data Manipulation and Analysis 131

4.1Demographic Analysis for the Sample 133

4.2Data Manipulation 135

4.3Tests of Hypotheses 138

Chapter 5 Discussion and Recommendations 167

5.1Findings and Implications 169

5.2Recommendations for Future Research 180

References 182

Appendices 198

Appendi A   Global-Mindedness Scale (GMS) 198

Appendi B The Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) 201

Appendi C Demographic Questionnaire 203

Appendi D Letter of Request 204

Appendi E IRB Letter of Approval 208

Appendi F Teaching Journals 209

List of Tables

Table 1 Frequencies for Demographic Variables (N = 184) 134

Table 2 Latent Variables of the GMS and the CQS and Associated Survey

Item Numbers (N = 184) 136

Table 3 Descriptive Statistics for 11 Summed Variables (N = 184) 138

Table 4 Descriptive Statistics for the Mean Scores on the Five Latent

Variables of GMS Between Two Groups (N = 184) 140

Table 5  Descriptive Statistics for the Mean Scores on the Four Latent Variables of CQS Between Two Groups (N = 184) 143

Table 6 Descriptions of Independent Variables Predicting the Overall

GMS Scores (N = 183) 152

Table 7 Regression Analysis for Variables Predicting the Overall GMS

Scores (N = 183) 152

Table 8  Descriptions of Independent Variables Predicting the Overall CQS Scores (N = 184) 161

Table 9 Regression Analysis for Variables Predicting the Overall CQS

Scores (N = 184) 162

List of Figures

Figure 1 Circle of research field of global education 017

Figure 2 Intercultural competence in global and multicultural education 037

Figure 3 Scatterplot of frequency of interaction with people of diverse backgrounds with overall GMS scores 145

Figure 4 Scatterplot of gender with overall GMS scores 147

Figure 5 Scatterplot of perceived competence in non-native language or culture with overall GMS scores 147

Figure 6 Scatterplot of teaching e perience with overall GMS scores 148

Figure 7 Histograms of normally distributed residuals in Question 3 150

Figure 8 rmal P-P plots of normal distributed residuals in Question 3 150

Figure 9 Plots of standardized residuals against standardized predicted

values in Question 3 151

Figure 10 Scatterplot of frequency of interaction with people of diverse backgrounds with overall CQS scores 155

Figure 11 Scatterplot of gender with overall CQS scores 156

Figure 12 Scatterplot of perceived competence in non-native language or culture with overall CQS scores 157

Figure 13 Scatterplot of teaching e perience with overall CQS scores 157

Figure 14 Histograms of normally distributed residuals in Question 4 159

Figure 15 rmal P-P plots of normal distributed residuals in Question 4 160

List of Figures

Figure 16 Plots of standardized residuals against standardized predicted

values in Question 4 160

Figure 17 Scatterplot of scores on the overall GMS with overall CQS 164

Figure 18 Histogram of overall GMS scores 164

Figure 19 Histogram of overall CQS scores